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Authors: Steve Bistak, Regional Sales Manager &#; NE, AC Drives / HMI Department, Fuji Electric Corp. of America, and Sun Y. Kim (Sean), Senior Regional Manager, ACDR/HMI, Fuji Electric Corp of America
Most pumps and fans operating in industrial and commercial applications are currently driven by AC induction motors. &#;ACIM&#;, which stands for &#;alternating current induction motor&#;, is an asynchronous type of motor that relies on electric current to turn the rotor. Torque is produced by electric current in the rotor. The electric current is generated through electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator windings. In an ACIM, the rotor always rotates at a lower speed than the magnetic field. A &#;PMSM&#;, which stands for &#;permanent magnet synchronous motor&#;, relies on magnets to turn the rotor, which spins at the same speed as the PMSM&#;s internal rotating magnetic field.
There are a few key differences between AC induction Motors and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors.
Permanent magnet motors MUST operate with a drive.
AC induction motors can be used without a VFD to drive a pump or fan, but are often installed with variable frequency drives (VFD) in pump systems or fan systems in an effort to improve system efficiency. Permanent magnet synchronous motors require a drive to operate. PMSMs cannot run without a drive. A VFD is required to precisely control the speed of the PMSM to meet the application requirements for pressure, flow, volume, etc. Some new VFDs already come with permanent magnet motor control options as a standard feature, allowing operators to control the permanent magnet motor to drive the fan and/or pump more efficiently.
Permanent magnet motors offer significant efficiency improvements over AC Induction Motors.
A permanent magnet motor&#;s full load efficiency is higher than an AC induction motor. Figure 1 below shows the ranges of efficiencies between two standards of AC Induction Motors and known published Permanent Magnet Motors.
Figure 1. PM motor efficiencies on VFD power. ACIM on Sine wave. ACIM motors lose .5 &#; 1.5 points of efficiency when run on VFD.
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It is important to note that VFDs do not improve motor efficiency; VFDs help to improve system efficiency over operating speed ranges because most systems do not operate at top speeds all the time. Adding the VFD helps your system efficiencies because it has the capability to slow down the motor and the fan or the pump as opposed to turning a valve to throttle the pump or closing a damper to block off air flow.
Take a look at Figure 2, which compares a 10-horsepower RPM Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor to a NEMA Premium Motor operating with a variable torque load over a 3 to 1 speed range. You can see that in both cases, the efficiencies of both types of motors drop. The NEMA Premium Motor efficiency drops from about 90% to about 72% at 600 RPM and the ECPM drops from about 94% to 83%. While system operation affects equipment efficiency, permanent magnet motors have been proven to show higher efficiencies over AC Induction Motors.
Figure 2. Comparison of relative efficiencies between PMSM motor and ACIM with 3:1 turndown.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet Motors
While AC induction motors are more commonly found in motor-driven systems, they are often larger in size and less efficient than permanent magnet motor solutions. While permanent magnet motor solutions tend to have a higher initial cost, they may offer a smaller size for more compact mechanical packages and, more importantly, higher efficiencies.
Permanent magnet motors tend to be more expensive than AC induction motors and have been known to be more difficult to start up than AC induction motors. However, the advantages of permanent magnet motors include higher efficiencies (as discussed above), smaller sizes (permanent magnet motors can be as much as one third of most AC motor sizes, which makes installation and maintenance much easier), and PMSMs&#; ability to maintain full torque at low speeds.
The Trend is Shifting
The use of PMSMs in combination with VFDs is not brand new; however, design engineers and equipment owners are starting to install more permanent magnet motor solutions for fan and pump applications because of their smaller size and higher efficiencies. Up to this point, VFDs needed to have a special formula to drive a permanent magnet motor; now, there are some new VFDs available to the market that have a built-in standard feature to control permanent magnet motors without extra cost.
As more VFD manufacturers begin to add features for higher performance control of PMSMs, the trend will be for owners and operators to install motor systems that operate more efficiently, in smaller packages, and at lower costs.
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